Adaptive plasticity of parasitoid acerophagus papayae. Paracoccus marginatus, commonly known as the papaya mealybug, is a small sapsucking insect in the mealybug family, pseudococcidae. Characterization and identification of acerophagus papayae noyes. A total of 22 natural enemies either occurring naturally or introduced were reported on pmb in different countries, and acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff encyritidea is considered as one of the most efficient parasitoids for the suppression of pmb in its native range. Biology of parasitoid acerophagus papayae on paracoccus. In addition to predators, several parasitoids may attack pmb. Encyrtidae acerophagus papayae, the primary parasitoid of papaya mealybug, spends a significant portion of its life cycle attached with a single host viz. There are many parasitic wasps and various predatory insects that feed on mealybugs. Biology of parasitoid acerophagus papayae on paracoccus marginatus from papaya for successful biological control program of insect pests, the parasitoids life cycle should be synchronized with its host life cycle 55. A life table is a kind of bookkeeping system that ecologists often used to. Kalyanasundaram m, karuppuchamy p, divya s, sakthivel p, rabindra rj, shylesha an 2011 impact on release of the imported parasitoid acerophagus papayae for the management of papaya mealybug paracoccus marginatus in tamil nadu. In southeastern nigeria, phenacoccus manihoti on cerea rubber tree manihot glaziovii was found attacked by spalgis lemolea druce and chrysopa sp.
Kalyanasundaram and others published impact of release of the imported parasitoid acerophagus papayae on the management. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license. Developmental time, longevity, and lifetime fertility of. Host instar susceptibility and selection and interspecific. Presurvey was done at the sites of parasitoide release.
Augmentation isthe other strategy of biological control is also defined by eilenberg et al. Papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus williams and. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is a very good candidate for the biological control of m. Considering the scarce information about the effect of temperature on biology of papaya mealybug and its parasitoids, the effect of different temperature regimes on papaya mealybug, p. Acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff encyrtidae is one of the efficient parasitoids for the. On this basis, comparative life cycles of the parasitoid, a. Acerophagus smith has a wide geographic distribution, and all species have been found to be primary parasitoids of mealybugs. Effectiveness of three introduced encyrtid parasitic wasps acerophagus papayae, anagyrus loeckiand pseudleptomastix mexicana against papaya mealybug,paracoccus marginatus, infesting mulberry in tamil nadu n. Acerophagus papayae can be utilized for the control of p. Lythraceae, one of the most popular flowering shrubs in the u. Thus, ipmomics is defined as the use of scalable technologies to develop and deliver pest control solutions.
Paracoccus marginatus, invasive mealybug, acerophagus papayae, biology, distribution, host range, natural enemies. Sexual dimorphism is usually observed in papaya mealybugs. Characterization and identification of acerophagus papayae. Pdf acerophagus papaya, a solitary endoparasitoid, is widely used in. Fecundity, longevity and development time of parasitoid. Three introduced parasitoids acerophagus papayae, anagyrus loecki, and pseudleptomastix mexicana of the mealybug paracoccus marginatus have been released in miamidade and broward counties florida in 2003. The parasitoids anagyrus loecki noyes, pseudleptomastix mexicana noyes and schauff, and acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff. Physiological ecology developmental time, longevity, and lifetime fertility of three introduced parasitoids of the mealybug paracoccus marginatus hemiptera. Economic impact of classical biological control of papaya. Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with scale insects. Papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus, hemiptera, pseudococcidae, anagy rus loecki, pseudleptomastix mexicana, acerophagus papayae. Sakthivel abstract three exotic encyrtid parasitoids viz. Acerophagus papayae is a koinobiont endoparasitoid of the invasive papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus and has been introduced as a classical biocontrol agent of the mealybug in many countries.
Invitro study and field surveillance of acerophagus papayae on papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus in northern, sri lanka 12 1v. Crapemyrtle bark scale, acanthococcus eriococcus lagerstroemiae kuwana hemiptera. Effectiveness of three introduced encyrtid parasitic wasps. Since first detected in texas in 2004, this pest has spread to twelve states causing losses to stakeholders. Life cycle of the parasitoid acerophagus papayae noyes and. Pdf economic impact assessment of the classical biological. The system was developed by agrobiotechnologists and entomologists at the pakistani chapter of the ukbased centre for agriculture and bioscience international cabi who introduced the use of acerophagus papayae, a parasitoid insects whose larvae parasite upon and eventually kill the host, to effectively control the mealybug infestation. Effect of native and nonnative hosts on the biology of acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff, the introduced parasitoid of paracoccus marginatus. Mikunthan 1department of agricultural biology, faculty of agriculture, university of jaffna, sri lanka 2regional agriculture research development centre rardc, kilinochchi, sri lanka. Efficiency and establishment of these previously introduced parasitoids to control p. Developmental time, longevity, and lifetime fertility of three previously introduced parasitoids acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff, anagyrus loecki noyes and menezes, and pseudleptomastix mexicana noyes and schauff hymenoptera. Paracoccus marginatus, an invasive mealybug of papaya and its biological control. Biological control global plant protection news page 3.
Eriococcidae, is a newly introduced insect pest on crapemyrtles, lagerstroemia spp. Classical biological control, papaya mealybug, economic surplus. Planning workshop on ipmomics for cowpea held in ghana. Paracoccus marginatus, commonly known as the papaya mealybug, is a small sapsucking. Centre for plant protection servicesclassical biological control of papaya mealybug, paracoccus. Effect of native and nonnative hosts on the biology of acerophagus papayae on paracoccus marginatus from local markets and kept in a dark air conditioned room for four to five days to induce. Paracoccus marginatus, an invasive mealybug of papaya and. Identification and behavioral evaluation of sex pheromone. Life history of papaya mealybug paracoccus marginatus and the effectiveness of three introduced parasitoids acerophagus papayae, anagyrus loecki, and pseudleptomastix mexicana creator.
The fruit is consumed worldwide as fresh fruit and as a vegetable or used as. Fecundity, longevity and development time of parasitoid, acerophagus papayae on papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus acerophagus papayae, a parasitoid of papaya mealybug, is found in pakistan. Host specific parasitoid acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff for p. Economic impact of classical biological control of papaya mealybug in india. Biology of papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus on laboratory. Acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff were highly useful to suppress the papaya mealybug.
Acerophagus papayae is more efficient in controlling p. Papaya mealybug, paracoccus marginatus is an invasive pest from central america that has caused havoc in both agricultural and horticultural crops. Encyrtidae, an introduced parasitoid of papaya mealybug. Effectiveness of three introduced encyrtid parasitic wasps acerophagus papayae, anagyrus loeckiand pseudleptomastix mexicana against papaya mealybug,paracoccus marginatus, infesting mulberry in tamil nadu. All india coordinated research project on biological. Three parasitoids, acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff, pseudleptomastix mexicana noyes and schauff, and.
Pomacea canaliculata an overview sciencedirect topics. Biological control of papaya mealybug in asia cabi. This page was last edited on 14 november 2019, at 03. A world catalogue of agents and their target weeds has been released after years of literature searches and the involvement of 125 weed biocontrol specialists. In thailand, cambodia and the philippines, low numbers of papaya mealybug, some parasitized, have been observed possibly due to the presence of a. Classical biological control imported a hymenopteran parasitoid acerophagus papayae from puertorico in may 2008. Concept, principle and application of biological control. The publication of this catalogue, available as a searchable online database and as a pdf book, was.
Host plant suitability of the papaya mealybug, paracoccus. Acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff encyrtidae is one of the efficient parasitoids for the suppression of papaya mealybug in its native range. Physiological ecology developmental time, longevity. Life cycle, life table, parasitoid, acerophagus papayae, papaya mealybug paracoccus marginatus, local adaptation, coevolutionary arms race 1.
Impact of release of the imported parasitoid acerophagus. It is found on a number of different hosts, including economically important tropical fruit trees and various ornamental plants. The first step in the approach will be to define the pest problems. This page was last edited on 24 october 2015, at 16. Life history of papaya mealybug paracoccus marginatus, and the effectiveness of three introduced parasitoids acerophagus papayae, anagyrus loecki, and pseudleptomastix mexicana by kaushalya gunewardane amarasekare a dissertation presented to the graduate school of the university of florida in partial fulfillment. Pdf acerophagus papayae noyes and schauffis a parasitoid of papaya. The fruit is consumed worldwide as fresh fruit and as a vegetable or used as processed products. Introduced in india in july 2010 and released in the field after quarantine screening in andhra pradesh, karnataka, kerala, tamil nadu, maharashtra, and tripura. Management strategies should include combination of biological, mechanical and chemical control measures. Successful biological control of this pest strongly relies on its mass rearing in order to produce its introduced natural enemy, acerophagus papayae. Kennedy2 1department of crop protection, imayam institute of agriculture and technology, thuraiyur, trichy 621 206.
Paracoccus marginatus is a mealybug native to central america. Invitro study and field surveillance of acerophagus. Introduction a life table is a kind of book keeping system that ecologists often used to keep track of stage specific mortality in the population they study 3. Pseudococcidae is an invasive pest insect that can damage a wide range of agricultural crops. Release of aphelinid acerophagus papayae noyes and schauff was found highly successful in suppressing pa.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Acerophagus papayae parasitising papaya mealybug 2. Control measures recommended chemical and cultural control measures as an immediate solution. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the activities of the commercial molluscicide metaldehyde and the cyclotides cycloviolacin o1, kb1. This parasitoid was introduced from puerto rico in 2010 through usdaaphis for use against the papaya mealybug. Pdf parasitism behavior of parasitoid and host relationship of. It has been spread accidentally outside its native range by trade in live plant material, such as papaya fruits. Cold spring harbor laboratory press, cold spring harbor, new. Proceedings of the national consulation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug.
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